The Procedural Law And Criminal Justice - 2979 Words

In its quest for a just and fair trial of an accused, CJS in India not only guarantees certain safeguards to, and confers a set of rights — constitutional and statutory - on an accused but also rigorously implements, with utmost zeal for reformation and re-socialisation of offenders, its penal system. However, it does not exhibit its equal concern to victims of crime when it comes to re-compensating them for the loss incurred or physical, mental or emotional `injury sustained by them. There is neither a comprehensive legislation nor a well-designed statutory scheme or a policy statement in India either allowing a crime victim to seek compensation from offender and/or State or to participate. as a matter of right, in the CJDS and†¦show more content†¦3.1.1 Compensating victims of crime: Existing legislative spirit and scheme A careful glance at the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC), reveals a legislative scheme, though fragmentary, for compensating victims of crime. It, by virtue of provisions of Sections 357, 421 and 431 contained therein, empowers a criminal court, at its discretion, to award compensation to a victim of crime as well as to recover it and pay it to him. The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 (POA), by virtue of provisions contained in its Section 5, also enables a trial court, though at its discretion, to compensate a person for loss or injury caused to him by commission of the offence and costs of the proceedings. In other words, the victim compensatory legislative scheme in India is, thus, constituted by the provisions of Sections 357, 421 and 431 of the CrPC and of Section 5 of the POA. 3.1.1.1. The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Section 357, CrPC, empowers a criminal court imposing a sentence of fine or a sentence (including a sentence of death) of which fine forms a part at in its discretion inter alia, to order payment of compensation, out of the fine recovered, to a person for any loss or injury caused to him by the offence. Sub-section (1) of Section 357 empowers a criminal Court to appropriate the whole or any portion of the fine recovered for the

Essay Solutions to the Problem of Deforestation - 688 Words

Solutions to the Problem of Deforestation Personal: There are many things that one can do personally to rectify the problem of Deforestation. These include such things as using wood sparingly, planting indigenous trees, purchasing the most ecologically sensitive products, recycling paper, reducing consumption of wood related products, communicating your opinions to the proper authorities, calling on forestry companies to act responsibly, and more. Education, however is the most effective catalyst for change, we must respect the forests as living communities not just resources to be exploited. Government: There are many things that governments are doing to rectify this problem.†¦show more content†¦Through educating local farmers, governments aim to teach farmer the Dangers of Deforestation and Slash-and-Burn. Apart from educating farmers, Governments could provide incentives to farmers, or give the High Yielding Varieties of seeds so that less land is cut down, and give farmers fertilisers so that they can use the same block of land for a longer period of time. Improvement of technology would also help as access to machinery would allow farmers to manage the land for a longer period before moving on. World Wide: The Tropical Forestry Action Plan was the first major international initiative to tackle tropical deforestation and was launched in 1985 by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation, the World Bank, the World Resource Institute and the UN Development Programme. It wasn’t very effective. It was based on the assumption that poverty and over-population are the main causes of Deforestation and it didn’t recognise the role of developed countries. In time donor countries became unwilling to fund the plan. Regulating the Logging Industry is another world wide step to tackle deforestation. It is concerned mainly with commercial logging and aims at rhe regulation of the world wide industry in logging and other commercial uses ofShow MoreRelatedThe Environmental Problems Of Global Warming1486 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Human population rise, industrilisation and the increased requirement for natural resources has led to many environmental problems, beside global warming. With reference to specific examples, discuss those environmental problems and their possible solutions.† â€Å"Modern humans deeply influence the form and function of the ecosphere† (Hugget et al: 2004). During the twentieth century alone the world’s population increased from 1.65 billion to 6 billion and just now the worlds population stands atRead MoreEffects Of Deforestation On The Environment1389 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is one of the many problems this world faces today. Many people are unaware of how harmful deforestation can be towards the environment and the animals that inhabit the area. Many people don’t even know what deforestation is and that it’s actually happening. To sum it all up, deforestation is the process of destroying forests by cutting them down or burning the trees down, destroying hundreds of acres in order to make more land available for other uses thinking that the benefits outweighRead MoreThe Environmental Issues Of South Africa1726 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction are in fact obtained through deforestation and is direct ly responsible for the severe environmental effects of such because of the clearing of the forests for production purposes. What is deforestation and why is it such a problem in the Southern African region? In the simplest words, deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses. Given this definition, it can be understandable that deforestation causes harm to the environment by theRead MoreDeforestation And Its Effects On Deforestation Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is â€Å"the act of cutting or burning down all of the trees in an area.† The original area covered by forests was approximately six billion hectares, however the total area of land covered by forests today is only four billion hectares. The issue is only expanding, and its challenges are becoming tougher every day. In fact, approximately sixteen million hectares of forest disappear each year. Forests cover more than twenty five percent of the world’s land, and more than half of that isRead MoreGlobal Warming : Deforestation Is A Serious Problem1717 Words    |  7 PagesGlobal Warming: Deforestation Global warming has become a serious problem for us, and the Earth itself. Global warming is when Earth’s temperature increases, due mainly to human activity and the greenhouse effect. This is affecting our atmosphere, causing an increase in temperature. This is mostly humans’ fault since we are the ones that contribute the most to global warming. Due to overpopulation, the demand for many of the things we use everyday have increased dramatically. Factories and the burningRead MoreDeforestation And Environment1402 Words   |  6 Pages Deforestation is an increasing global crisis and is mainly caused by human actions. Forests cover approximately 31% of the area on the planet (Deforestation, n.d.). Deforestation is the destruction of a wide area of forest land into a cleared land that is used for a variety of reasons. The impact on the environment from cutting down, burning and damaging forests is very detrimental and there are severe consequences for the environment and future generations due to deforestation. According to theRead More Three Solutions to Deforestation Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesThree Solutions to Deforestation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a tree falls in the woods and no ones there to hear it, does it make a sound? Or rather, if a tree falls in the woods and no ones there to hear it, does anybody even care? This saying epitomizes the worlds current view on deforestation, most notably in the Brazilian Amazon, which is known as The Lungs of the Earth. Deforestation is defined as the long-term or permanent removal of forest cover, usually accompanied by burning, which is then convertedRead MoreDeforestation And Deforestation Of Deforestation973 Words   |  4 Pagesin the world today is the issue of deforestation. â€Å"Deforestation is when trees are chopped down to clear a forest so the land can be used for other purposes.† (Deforestation Facts and Statistics) While learning the definition of deforestation may not seem like a significant issue in the world, one will find it alarming to know the statistics associated with deforestation. For example, by the year 2030, only ten percent of ra inforests may be left (Deforestation Facts and Statistics). Although theRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Big Problem1320 Words   |  6 PagesChandler Easter Mrs. Gallos English 3 Global Warming Global warming is a big problem and impacts our environment in a negative way because it is heating the Earth. Global warming impacts all of the life around us even though not many people recognize it. There are many problems that global warming will make to our environment and it has already impacted it over time. Although, there are many problems, there are also solutions to stop global warming. Climate change is most closely related to global warmingRead MoreDeforestation And Environment1125 Words   |  5 Pages Deforestation is a clearing of a wide area of into cleared land that is used for a variety of reasons. The impact on the environment from cutting down, burning and damaging forests is very detrimental and there will be severe consequences for the environment and future generations because of deforestation and approximately  7.3 million hectares of forests are being destroyed per year in the world. (citation)   In this essay, I will explore the impact that deforestation on the environment and I will

Critical Review Thinking Schools and Learning Nations

Question: Discuss about the Critical Review for Thinking Schools and Learning Nations. Answer: Introduction The article is based on Thinking Schools, Learning Nations Implementation of Curriculum Review in Singapore which was published in Educational Research for Policy and Practice journal in the year 2005. The article was published by Vanithamani Saravanan of National Institute of Education and Nanyang Technological University. The article provides an insight into the policy implemented by Goh Chok, Minister of education who introduced the model: Thinking school and learning nation. This article provides article regarding the manner in which the school has adopted the changing approaches. The author has made the research on imparting science and mathematics through English language. The purpose of the article is to introduce various different tools that help in leading the nation. The educational reform system has a major role in defining the status of the country (Chang, 2004). The overall research is based on the changes in relation with the teaching and learning approach in the schools and the IPW approach to enable a class of underachievers. The article provides a critical review regarding the author insight and his proposal in meeting the desired changes in the overall education system. The overall structure of the article is clear. Author is specifically focusing upon the training sessions in a systematic manner. Summary The article review is regarding the changes in the overall curriculum pattern introduced by the minister of education in 1997 to change the overall education mechanism. The new educational reform has changed the overall curriculum assessment. The schools were dependent upon the traditional manner of imparting education to the students. This caused a major concern to the government organization. There were consistent mistakes in the primary and lower level sections. Students and teachers were finding difficulty in accepting the overall educational mechanism. The language exercise undertaken in the schools was restricted to spelling exercise. The students in the classrooms were restricted merely to the rote learning routine ( Lee et al 2004). The pedagogy of teaching was restricted where teachers were subject to fill the worksheet. This has become a regular exercise in the class-room. In the view of the rigid approach in the classroom, the review committee has introduced integrated pro ject work in order to make learning more effective. The overall purpose was to make learning more interesting. The purpose of the review was to inculcate social responsibility in the students and the teachers. The ministry of Education has organized various training programs so as to develop effective skills in their teaching method (Gopinathan, Ho, Vanithamani 2004). The author has provided an insight into the implementation of curriculum in Singapore. The overall aim of the article is to make learning more resourceful. The article provides with recommendations that need to be implemented in order to attain desired results. The review is to understand the efficacy regarding the initiative taken by the committee in order to bring changes (Emmer Grewels 2002). The IPW is one of the integral parts of education mechanism. The purpose of the article is to distinguish the role of every individual related to education so as to provide them with effective tools. Critical Review The Author has however highlighted the manner in which training should be done for imparting education. The article is related to the critical implementation of the curriculum in the learning pattern in Schools at Singapore. The IPW approach is now implemented at every school located in Singapore. The purpose of implementing a new technique was to make overall education pattern more effective. Three teachers who were already teaching in the primary three class-rooms were selected to pair-up with English, mathematics and science teacher. They were asked to provide weekly instructions to the student and their work being weekly reviewed. The article is regarding the training sessions provided to the teachers where they have to learn role-play in order to function effectively. They were given different role so that they can behave efficiently in future. The purpose was to inculcate effective learning skills by providing them with training. It is necessary to understand that effective lea rning is necessary for developing a better future (Penuel, Fishman, Yamaguchi Gallagher, 2007). There were different planning stages whose purpose is to impart training by developing effective future. The teacher has to accept various roles in order to meet the objective. The teachers were able to synthesize the knowledge received from different programs. It is necessary for an individual to develop specific skills so as to attain desired goals(Emmer Grewels 2002). The structure of the article is systematic where author has aligned his thoughts in a well structure. This is to highlight the severity of current policy implementation. The primary goal of the activity was to attain the objectives of IPW. Instructions were circulated in the schools that specifically focused on promoting creative learning and improving the communication skills in the pupil. Computers were used as a medium to create awareness among teachers. Group presentation and project learning were the part of overall mechanism. The teachers were acknowledged during the overall process. The purpose of the project is to initiate the effective learning method. The previous learning pattern was monotonous and boring. The purpose of new learning method was to develop high level of learning. This is however necessary for an individual in order to understand the overall system and the mechanism. Internet was used as an important tool to seek information in order to accomplish the desire d goals(Deng, Gopinathan Lee,2013). The author is primarily focusing on the importance of implementing IPW. The purpose was to understand the feedbacks given by the trainee. The study has confirmed that the effective learning helps in creating an effective learning environment. The purpose of the overall technique and its implementation was met due to IPW. The teachers became less of disciplinarian and focused on facilitating effective role by encouraging the pupil development (Parkay, Anctil Hass,2014). The role given to each individual was very well accomplished. The people in the group were able to give effective results. The purpose was to understand the way in which one can fulfill the gap in imparting effective education. The co-operative learning is one of the effective way in which an individual can meet all his goals. The purpose was to introduce motivating programs so that the individual participates in the activity (Venville, Sheffield, Rennie Wallace, 2008). IPW stood right exactly with its motive. The overall purpose of implementing the policies was made easily. Pupil in order to grow has to develop an effective learning mechanism. The overall procedure helped them to work in a better manner (Burgess, Robertson Patterson,2010). The author has provided a review about the techniques that are necessary to be implemented in order to attain efficiency in teaching process. There was a clear observation that the people want to incorporate effective learning. People were able to develop leadership quality in them which in return helped them to evolve. The co-operative behavior has helped them to attain efficiency so that they can cope up with the pressure (Lim, Lee, Saito Syed Haron, 2011). Conclusion Overall the article has effectively being framed with value thoughts in order to highlight the issue. Author has interpreted the thoughts in a well structure. The critical review is regarding the new integrated learning approach adopted by the government. There is a necessity to improve the overall learning pattern so that individual can develop a better learning in them. The language exercise undertaken in the schools was restricted to spelling exercise. The students in the classrooms were restricted merely to the rote learning routines. The purpose of the article is to evolve new learning mechanism in order to develop effective teaching. The article is regarding the training sessions provided to the teachers where they have to learn role-play in order to function effectively. This has become important in the current scenario that the organization should improve overall productivity by developing effective role. This has become important for an individual in order to meet the parame ters related to effective education. References Burgess, J., Robertson, G., Patterson, C. (2010). Curriculum implementation: Decisions of early childhood teachers.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,35(3), 51. Chang, A. (2004). Promoting Thinking Skills through Project Work, unpublished manuscript. ERAS, Annual general Meeting. Deng, Z., Gopinathan, S., Lee, C. (2013).Globalization and the Singapore Curriculum. Singapore: Springer. Emmer Grewels (2002). Cooperative Learning in Elementary Classrooms: Teaching Practices and Lesson Characteristics. The Elementary School Journal. Gopinathan, S., Ho, W. K. Vanithamani Saravanan (2004). Ethnicity Management and Language Education Policy: Towards a Modified Model of Language Education in Singapore Schools. Ed Lai Ah Eng, Eastern University Press. Lee, Christine, Mary Cherian, Rahil Ismail, Maureen Ng, Jasmine Sim, Chee Min Fui. (2004). Childrens Experiences of Multiracial Relationships in Informal Primary School Settings. In Beyond Rituals and Riots: Ethnic Pluralism and Social Cohesion in Singapore. pp. 228257. Ed Lai Ah Eng., Institute of Policy Studies, Eastern University Press, Marshall Cavendish Lim, C., Lee, C., Saito, E., Syed Haron, S. (2011). Taking stock of Lesson Study as a platform for teacher development in Singapore.Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education,39(4), 353-365. Parkay, F. W., Anctil, E. J., Hass, G. (2014).Curriculum leadership: Readings for developing quality educational programs. Prentice Hall. Penuel, W. R., Fishman, B. J., Yamaguchi, R., Gallagher, L. P. (2007). What makes professional development effective? Strategies that foster curriculum implementation.American educational research journal,44(4), 921-958. Venville, G., Sheffield, R., Rennie, L. J., Wallace, J. (2008). The writing on the wall: classroom context, curriculum implementation, and student learning in integrated, community?based science projects.Journal of research in Science Teaching,45(8), 857-880.

The Power to See Ourselves Reaction free essay sample

On the other hand, when I first started my job and I saw myself as not knowing what I was doing, I conveyed that to others in my hesitation and nervousness about taking on the new responsibilities I was being handed. I also agree with the section of the article that deals with conflicts in a person’s self-concept. As a working mother, I have experienced the same thing that Brouwer discusses in this section. I have felt firsthand how conflicts in my personal life can affect my work, and vice versa. When I want to be in my role as a mother, but am forced to be at work when my daughter’s class is going on a field trip, I may become short-tempered with others at work, and later have a jealous attitude toward the mothers who were able to attend. Usually, when those two roles of mine collide, it is not a pleasant thing. We will write a custom essay sample on The Power to See Ourselves Reaction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each individual role is difficult on its own, but when I am trying to fill both roles at once, it is nearly impossible. I found it interesting that, according to Brouwer, mature people are resistant to change. I would have thought that mature people would be open to change, and would embrace it as a way of furthering their education or bettering themselves. However, Brouwer’s explanation makes a lot of sense: self-concept has to do with patterns of behavior and habits, which makes it a difficult thing to change. Older, more mature people have had their same patterns and habits established for a long time, so changing those behaviors and habits would be difficult. It reminds me of someone who is, for example, an aggressive lawyer who suddenly finds themselves in legal trouble. That person would have to switch roles, from being the aggressive lawyer to being the client being defended by someone else. It would be difficult for that person to sit back and let their lawyer to their job. A new question that I have has to do with how to change my self-expectation. Brouwer says that there is no one best way to do this. It seems that it would be easy for any person to choose one thing that they don’t like about their behaviors, and then to set a goal to change that behavior. However, the difficult part of this equation is putting a plan in motion to achieve the goal. How can a person make themselves actually get started on doing what needs to be done to change their self-expectation? For me, I performed a self-evaluation and discovered that I am far too critical of the appearance of my home. My self-expectation is that I keep my house perfect all of the time. There is no room for any messiness in my world. I realize that I would like to change that self-expectation, but how do I do it? Overall the article was very interesting. I enjoyed reading about the reasons why people are the way that they are, and the reasons why perhaps people have a difficult time changing their behaviors. This information will come in handy in the workplace when dealing with difficult employees who seem to never have the ability to abandon troublesome behaviors. References Brouwer, P. J. (1964, November-December). The power to see ourselves. Harvard Business Review.

Metaphors in The Play “As You Like It” Essay Essay Example

Metaphors in The Play â€Å"As You Like It† Essay Essay In his drama. â€Å"As You Like It. † and by and large in all his authorship William Shakespeare uses a batch of metaphors. In. â€Å"As You Like It. † he has Rosalind who is disguised as male child named Ganymede use an interesting metaphor that explores the relationship between the ingestion of clip and the motion of a Equus caballus based on temper or pleasance. In my sentiment the lone ground that Rosalind of all time uses the metaphor is to seek to convert Orlando. the adult male she has fallen in love with and knows that he loves her. that she is wise when it comes to love and that she as Ganymede could bring around his love by giving him love lessons. The metaphor proves to be effectual because by the terminal of their conversation Orlando is convinced that Ganymede could bring around him. We will write a custom essay sample on Metaphors in The Play â€Å"As You Like It† Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Metaphors in The Play â€Å"As You Like It† Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Metaphors in The Play â€Å"As You Like It† Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Rosalind foremost approaches Orlando disguised as Ganymede she asks him for the clip. Orlando answers by stating that there is no manner to cognize the clip in this wood because there are no redstem storksbills. He says that it would be more appropriate to inquire for the clip of twenty-four hours. Rosalind follows this up by stating. â€Å"Then there is no true lover in the wood. else suspiring every minute and moaning every hr would observe the lazy pes of clip every bit good as a clock. † ( III. two ; 275-77 ) . By this she means that a true lover is merely every bit good at stating clip as a clock because they are ever believing about the 1 they love and every minute they sigh and every hr the moan. Orlando admirations why Rosalind said the lazy pes of clip instead than the fleet pes of clip because he thinks it would hold been merely as appropriate. Rosalind explains how clip travels at different velocities for different people and how she could state who clip promenades for. who clip jogs for. who clip gallops for. and who clip stands still for. Orlando asks her about each velocity and Rosalind gives an illustration of the sort of individual who would hold clip move at each gait. When Orlando asks who clip jogs for Rosalind says. â€Å"Marry. he trot difficult with a immature amah between the contract on her matrimony and the twenty-four hours it is solemnized. If the interim be but a se’nnight. times gait is so difficult that it seems the length of seven twelvemonth. † ( III. two ; 285-88 ) . By this she means that between the clip a adult female gets engaged and the twenty-four hours of her nuptials clip seems to travel easy. This is because the adult female is exited and dying. A week’s clip could look like 7 old ages. It is my belief that clip ever moves the antonym of how you want it to. When Orlando asks who clip promenades for Rosalind replies. â€Å"With a priest that lacks Latin and a rich adult male that hath non the urarthritis. for the lone slumber easy because he can non analyze and the other unrecorded happily because he feels no hurting – he one missing load of thin and uneconomical acquisition. the other cognizing no load of heavy boring indigence. These clip ambles however. † ( III. two ; 290-95 ) . To mosey is to walk in a easy manner. Both the priest and rich adult male have reasonably easy lives in which they are non really busy. Because they do non make anything clip seems to travel easy. When Orlando asks who clip gallops for Rosalind answers with. â€Å"With a stealer to the gallows. for though he travel quietly as pes can fall. he thinks himself excessively shortly at that place. † ( III. two ; 297-98 ) . A stealer on his manner to the gallows walks every bit slow as he perchance can but clip still seems to travel so fast. This is another illustration of how clip seems to travel the antonym of how you want it excessively. When Orlando asks who clip stands still for Rosalind says. â€Å"With attorneies in the holiday. for they sleep between term and term. and they perceive non how clip moves. † ( III. two ; 300-01 ) . Lawyers on holiday sleep off their vacations and have no sense of clip. To them it is similar clip is non traveling at all. Whenever I am on holiday I normally sleep it off and when I do wake I have no thought how much clip has past. I have been playing association football for about 6 old ages now and I have learned that at my games clip either mover fast or decelerate. Normally when my squad is winning clip moves slow because I want the game to stop. When my squad is losing clip seems to travel fast because I do non desire the game to win. I want my squad to come back and win. I have learned that clip neer works the manner you want it excessively. Shakespeare’s metaphors add a batch of intending to his authorship. Without them he might non be every bit good cognize as he is now. The metaphor in. â€Å"As You Like It. † adds a batch to the narrative. It non merely adds affect but besides plays a function in the plot line. If Rosalind had non used she may hold non been able to convert Orlando to take love lessons with her and that would do a immense alteration in the narrative.

The Thousand Days War

The Thousand Days' War The Thousand Days’ War was a Civil War fought in Colombia between the years of 1899 and 1902. The basic conflict behind the war was the conflict between liberals and conservatives, so it was an ideological war as opposed to a regional one, and it divided families and was fought all over the nation. After about 100,000 Colombians had died, both sides called a halt to the fighting. Background By 1899, Colombia had a long tradition of conflict between liberals and conservatives. The fundamental issues were these: the conservatives favored a strong central government, limited voting rights and strong links between church and state. The liberals, on the other hand, favored stronger regional governments, universal voting rights and a division between church and state. The two factions had been at odds since the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1831. Attack of the Liberals In 1898, conservative Manuel Antonio Sanclemente was elected president of Colombia. The liberals were outraged, because they believed that significant election fraud had taken place. Sanclemente, who was well into his eighties, had participated in a conservative overthrow of the government in 1861 and was extremely unpopular among liberals. Because of health problems, Sanclemente’s grip on power was not very firm, and liberal generals plotted a rebellion for October 1899. War Breaks Out The liberal revolt began in Santander Province. The first clash took place when liberal forces tried to take Bucaramanga in November 1899 but were repulsed. A month later, the liberals scored their largest victory of the war when General Rafael Uribe Uribe routed a larger conservative force at the battle of Peralonso. The victory at Peralonso gave the liberals the hope and strength to drag out the conflict for two more years against superior numbers. The Battle of Palonegro Foolishly refusing to press his advantage, liberal General Vargas Santos stalled long enough for the conservatives to recover and send an army after him. They clashed in May 1900 at Palonegro, in Santander Department. The battle was brutal. It lasted approximately two weeks, which meant that by the end decomposing bodies became a factor on both sides. Oppressive heat and lack of medical care made the battleground a living hell as the two armies fought time and again over the same stretch of trenches. When the smoke cleared, there were close to 4,000 dead and the liberal army had broken. Reinforcements Up until this point, the liberals had been getting aid from neighboring Venezuela. The government of Venezuelan President Cipriano Castro had been sending men and weapons to fight on the liberal side. The devastating loss at Palonegro made him halt all support for a time, although a visit from liberal General Rafael Uribe Uribe convinced him to resume sending aid. The End of the War After the rout at Palonegro, the defeat of the liberals was only a question of time. Their armies in tatters, they would rely for the rest of the war on guerrilla tactics. They did manage to secure some victories in present-day Panama, including a small-scale naval battle that saw the gunboat Padilla sink the Chilean ship (â€Å"borrowed† by the conservatives) Lautaro in the harbor of Panama City. These small victories notwithstanding, even reinforcements from Venezuela could not save the liberal cause. After the butchery at Peralonso and Palonegro, the people of Colombia had lost any desire to continue the fighting. Two Treaties Moderate liberals had been trying to bring about a peaceful end to the war for some time. Although their cause was lost, they refused to consider an unconditional surrender: they wanted liberal representation in government as a minimum price for ending hostilities. The conservatives knew how weak the liberal position was and remained firm in their demands. The Treaty of Neerlandia, signed on October 24, 1902, was basically a cease-fire agreement that included the disarming of all liberal forces. The war was formally ended on November 21, 1902, when a second treaty was signed on the deck of the US warship Wisconsin. Results of the War The Thousand Days’ War did nothing to alleviate the long-standing differences between the Liberals and Conservatives, who would again go to war in the 1940’s in the conflict known as La Violencia. Although nominally a conservative victory, there were no real winners, only losers. The losers were the people of Colombia, as thousands of lives were lost and the country was ravaged. As an extra insult, the chaos caused by the war allowed the United States to bring about the independence of Panama, and Colombia lost this valuable territory forever. One Hundred Years of Solitude The Thousand Days’ War is well-known inside of Colombia as an important historical event, but it has been brought to international attention due to an extraordinary novel. Nobel Prize Winner Gabriel Garcà ­a Mrquez’ 1967 masterpiece One Hundred Years of Solitude covers a century in the life of a fictional Colombian family. One of the most famous characters of this novel is Colonel Aureliano Buendà ­a, who leaves the tiny town of Macondo to fight for years in the Thousand Days’ War (for the record, he fought for the liberals and is thought to have been loosely based on Rafael Uribe Uribe).

Ratio Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ratio Analysis - Essay Example They are of interest to the creditors to determine the firm’s ability to meet its short term financial obligations. So far the liquidity ratio of the company indicates that the liquid assets of the company are higher compared to its own average, meaning that the company as assets that can be easily be converted to cash. The indication of good liquidity ratio reduces the worry of the creditors since the business is at a position to easily pay its short term liabilities. Profitability ratios concentrate on the major areas such as asset turnover, profit margin, return on assets, and return on common shareholder’s equity. Profitability ratios are used by investors to measure the management effectiveness as shown by returns generated by the profit margin (Weygandt et al, 2010, p 723). The company’s ROE has been registering a slight decrease, from 17% in 2009 to 15% in 2011, meaning that the company is earning less returns on its capital. As calculated the highest profit margin is 4.97% in 2011 which is low, meaning that the business is not that profitable. The solvency ratio of the company is based on debts to total assets and times interest earned. It is used by shareholders and potential investors to determine financial risk of the business. When calculated in 2011 debt to total assets is 23.33% which gives a healthy indication of the company’s performance. During the same year the times interest was 8.3% which backs the claims o f the company’s financial healthiness. Therefore from the solvency ratios the management can learn that the company is capable of paying back its long term obligations (Weygandt et al, 2010, p

Hardware Replacement Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hardware Replacement Project - Essay Example Management also needs to consider the various factors that are at play when choosing projects that deliver the best business value. It also includes the factors that influence project risk and strategies for minimizing risks. How the five key variables of project management relate to this scenario The five key variables of project management namely scope, time, cost, quality, and risk apply to this scenario in that their proper analysis can guide the management of this project on organizing and accomplishing the work. They also guide on how to direct activities, report project progress, control project execution and analyzing project results. Scope as a variable of project management defines what and what is not to be included in a new project. In this scenario, the organization should define all the work that needs to be undertaken for successful completion of the new CRM solution project. This will ensure that the scope of the project/work/activities undertaken do not expand beyond what was originally intended. In project management, time refers to the quantity of time required to complete a project. Before the new project can begin, the organization requires to establish the time needed to complete major components of the new CRM solution project. ... Since this is an information systems project, the management should also add the cost of software, hardware and workspace. In project management, quality acts as an indicator of the extent to which the result of a project meets the project objectives specified the management. In this scenario, the quality of the new CRM solution is evidenced by the level of improvements in decision-making and organizational performance in regard to customer relations. In project management, risks refer to the possible problems that would threaten a project’s success. As for this scenario, risks include those possible problems that might prevent the new CRM solution from achieving its objectives. They can achieve this by lowering the quality of its output, increasing its cost and time, and preventing the completion of the project. Considerations that must be applied when selecting projects that deliver the best business value When choosing from a range of projects, organizations should select p rojects that deliver the best business value. In essence, these are projects that promise the greatest benefits to the organization. The two major considerations that must be applied when selecting this type of projects include costs and benefits, and how they relate to the organization’s information systems plan. The costs should be lower than the benefits presented by the project but if the costs are more than the benefits, the project should be rejected. In addition, the investment should represent an attractive return on the capital invested by the firm. In order to know this, the organization is required to conduct additional financial analysis after ascertaining that

Technology and Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology and Jobs - Essay Example the newly introduced electronic typesetting equipment swallowed around 4200 type setters in New York but created new job opportunities for the people who can operate the new type setting equipment. In 1920s American railway employed more than 2, 00,000 people and the number was reduced to only for 40 thousands because of advanced technology. Between 1947 and 1957 there were 10 thousands of workers in oil refineries of America. After 1957 though the production was increased the number of workers was reduced by three percent. However, there is a simultaneous increase in job opportunities for the people who can work with the advanced technology. In automobile division, robots replaced man power, but the people who could operate the robots could retain their jobs. Electronic mails, E-banking and computerization definitely cause the reduction of jobs. One cannot run away from the modern technology to save the jobs, but should use the technological developments to increase the business as well as the employment opportunities. In the case of reduction of jobs and retrenchment, the role of state can find legality in maintaining the retention as providing employment is part of the duties of the government. If the government confines itself to the regulatory function, one cannot find legality in saving the jobs. However, the legality for saving the jobs comes from the fact when government realises that providing or creating employment is a responsibility of the government. The legality can be maintained by continuing with public investment projects thus intensifying public sector employment programmes by adapting industrial financing to the companies who retain the employees in the wake of technological developments. 1 The changes in technology can be termed as a boon for the people who could adopt themselves to the new system. However, it is a curse for the workers who failed to improve their skills. So it’s the prime responsibility of the Federal and the local

A Brief History Of Blizzard Entertainment Media Essay

A Brief History Of Blizzard Entertainment Media Essay Well, Blizzard Entertainment was not always as we had known it, originally founded in 1991 February as Silicon Synapse by Chairman Allen Adham, president Michael Morhaime and vice president Frank Pearce All Graduates from UCLA. In the days of Silicon Synapse it was more on focused on making game ports for other Gaming studios. Until the Breakthrough Game The Lost Vikings, it was hailed as one of the forefathers of that Game Genre . A year after that they released Rock Roll Racing another Cult Hit that paved the way for its predecessors in the Racer Shooter Genre. In 1994 It was only then its name was reestablished as Blizzard Entertainment. The first big scale game it released by Blizzard Entertainment, was Warcraft: Orcs Humans and it was a hit with the gamers. Ever since they have made a benchmark in the game, the gaming world was at their fingertips now. After such success with Blizzard Entertainments original Warcraft game, Warcraft: Orcs Humans , was touted as one of the best strategy games of 1994, and the games epic sequel, 1995s Warcraft II : Tides Of Darkness, won numerous awards, including the companys first Game of the Year award. Warcraft III :Reign Of Chaoss, released in July 2002, has likewise won several accolades , just like Starcraft another hit Game Series released by Blizzard Entertainment, It has become a staple of professional tournament gaming, along with its expansion, the award-winnin g Warcraft III : The Frozen Throne, which was released in July 2003. II. Current Projects and a look at the rise of WOW ( World Of Warcraft) Well Blizzard has many notable achievements in its released games, None of it comes close To World Of Warcraft, more widely known as WOW. World of Warcraft stands as the greatest game in the popular Warcraft series. World of Warcraft has been an extraordinary success since its launch in November 2004. It has impressed game critics and has captivated millions of players, who adore the virtual world created by this game. It is no longer just a game but is now a genuine phenomenon, and one that shows no signs of abating. It is one of the key games of recent times, and stands as a landmark title for online gaming. World of Warcraft is the forth title in the series of Warcraft games, which has been entertaining people for over a decade To understand more about the appeal of World of Warcraft, let us recall the time when WOW was released. It was not merely some massively multiplayer online role-playing game. It created a truly engaging online world set in the heart of Azeroth, a fantastic land that is filled with heroes and monsters and many other creatures. The games strength is that it functions as an experience, as a world that exists on its own terms that you may visit and explore as you please. The game sold more than 240,000 copies in its first 24 hours on the market, more than any other PC game in history. Since then it released two other expansion sets which was a greater success then the one before. Blizzard is also making attempt to diversify beyond their original aim of just making games. Blizzard Entertainment is currently working with Legendary Pictures in making a live action Warcraft movie. III. tso The 8 Core Values are namely : Gameplay First, Blizzard Entertainments success can be attributed to the gaming experiences they provide the consumer or player. The goal of each discipline within the company regardless of job post be it art, programming or customer support, is to create games as fun as possible for as many people as possible. In order to achieve this aim, it is in Blizzard Entertainments prime belief that its workers also enjoy the process of game making. Commitment to Quality, This is the most well known core value of Blizzard Entertainment, which is not only applied in creating the best gaming experience for the consumers, but also practiced in every aspect of their job. They approach each task carefully and seriously, and seek honest feedback and use it to improve the quality of their work. Afterall, games are remembered for their high quality, and not how late they are released into the public. Play nice, Play Fair, In their business first impressions are important but lasting impressions are the ones that matter. Blizzard Entertainment strives to maintain a high level of respect and integrity in all interactions with us, players, colleagues, and business partners. The conduct of each Blizzard Entertainment employee, be it online or offline, can reflect on the entire company. Embrace your inner Geek, The employees at Blizzard are encouraged to show their geek side . Cutting-edge technology, comic books, science fiction, top-end video cards, action figures with the kung-fu gripà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Whatever it is theyre passionate about, it matters that each employee embraces it! Their unique enthusiasm helps to shape the fun, creative culture of Blizzard Entertainment. Happy and truly passionate workers make better workers, and what Blizzard Entertainment is all about today. Every voice matters, Great ideas can come from anywhere. Blizzard Entertainment is what it is today because of the voices of our players and of each member of the company. Every employee is encouraged to speak up, listen, be respectful of other opinions, and embrace criticism as just another avenue for great ideas. All because Blizzard values its employees and listens to the different ideas. Think globally, Blizzard Entertainment is a global company and everywhere on the planet there are people who play Blizzard Entertainment games. While respecting the cultural diversity that makes people unique, we strive to grow and support our global gaming community. We also seek the most passionate, talented people in the world to enrich our company and help us forge the future vision of Blizzard Entertainment. No country is too big or too small for Blizzard to take on or think about. Lead responsibility, Blizzard Entertainment believes its products and practices can affect not only our employees and players but the industry at large. As one of the worlds leading game companies, they are committed to making ethical decisions, always keeping the players in mind, and setting a strong example of professionalism and excellence at all times and for other game companies to exemplify. Learn and Grow The games industry is ever-changing. Technology improves, techniques change, and design philosophies become outdated. Since the founding of Blizzard Entertainment, it has worked to improve through experience, teaching one another and cultivating the desire to be the best at what they do. They see this as an individual responsibility as well as the companys. Employees can count on their peers, managers, and the company itself to be supportive and help them gain the knowledge and training they need. IV. A in-depth SWOT Analysis This Analysis will help us better understand of Blizzard Entertainments Success and its weaknesses. Using The SWOT Analysis model we can see the opportunities and revaluate the strategies to cope with its weaknesses. Strengths Good market position globally One of the very best pc game developers and held in high esteem by its customers. Very large age group from its larger customer base. Takes Feedback from its players and customers quickly and seriously. Developed World Of Warcraft to huge success and acclaim. Weaknesses May lack some competitive edge in some market segments over rival companies Relies on its current game titles more than it should. Very slow to release its games, often over the stipulated release date. Opportunities Business can be further diversified into other industries, example, making a film which it is trying to do now. Acquire more gaming sectors. More varied games. Look at a brand new type of pc game to boomz everyone away. Opening up of other global markets, getting more customers worldwide further. Working together with another pc gaming company to have a co-project. Threats Other big pc game producing companies, might pose some competition with maybe more attractive graphics or different game genres, Example, FPS. The time it takes to release a game might turn some gamers off, or they might just stop waiting all together. Limited experience in other industries it might want to diversify into Piracy 3rd party clients such as Garena, lancraft blueserver and many others. Strengths Blizzard Entertainment has a good market position globally, meaning in the games market it has a huge cut of the customers and transactions that happen in it. Blizzard Is very well respected by the gamers, customers and other companies alike for their awesome games which are well designed and enjoyable for a very wide age group. When Blizzard comes out with a new game other companies will always try to better it learning from its strengths. From kids to adults, blizzard games have players every age range, making it well welcomed by all. Blizzard Entertainment leaves no gamer from the casual gamer to hardcore, professional gamer satisfied. The games Are simple enough and fast for the casual gamer to play, but also well balanced with good competitive potential. Intact, World Cyber Games (WCG) the worlds largest scale gaming competition has 2 Blizzard Entertainment games to compete in, Namely Starcraft 2, Warcraft 3 and Dota, which is a custom map made from Warcraft 3. Blizzard Entertainments World Of Warcraft easily overshadows all of its accomplishments with 12 million subscribers and increasing. Making it the most played online MMORPG, no small feat without its dedicated team of staff. If a bug is reported or game defect , blizzard will take it seriously and respond quickly to look into the problem and solve the issue. Weaknesses While Blizzard Entertainment is certainly a very successful company but it is not perfect or infallible. One of its Weaknesses is its most of its games revolve around the same genre of the real time strategy (RTS) or Role Playing Games (RPG). Some game diversity would be a fresh change and might get into a bigger cut of the market and different gamer groups. On top of that Blizzards Entertainments game graphics might be less visual compared to other games therefore might have less competitive edge in some market segments over rival companies example sports gaming or fps. Though Blizzard Entertainment has very good games it keeps expanding on the already expanded game stories, example Warcraft which has great gameplay and good storyline, however it Blizzard keep concentrating on the same story and how to make a better installment people might get bored to keep playing the same story thats over extended or stretched. While Blizzard Entertainment are showing great signs of market diversification by trying to make a movie, their experience is very little in that field and almost non-existent. Might hit many glitches and problems along the way it might hard to solve with little experience. Which Blizzard Entertainment is attempting to avoid by working with a experience movie company, Legendary Films. Everyone agrees that Blizzard Entertainment makes great games, but another thing they agree is they take a really long to do that often over the stipulated release date. An impatient customer is never a happy customer. Game Quality should never be compromised but still the releases could be faster. Opportunities No doubt Blizzard Entertainment is very successful in its games and products, it can further diversify into other game genres it might not have touched, example sports gaming or FPS. Warcraft has a very rich storyline and might be good as a comic or book, gaining more exposure for Blizzard Entertainment as well in the process. Gameplay improvements and Graphical improvements to its current games with patches or when a new game comes out because the gaming industry is always improving, and gamers demand more every time. Look at a brand new game Genre with a totally new gaming engine of which the likes were never seen before and Blizzard Entertainment is on its way to another great selling game. Working with another experienced gaming company will help expand its horizons and its pool of talent, with more ideas and more funding, Blizzard Entertainment has a great global market share and good global coverage, but there are still countries that have not even heard of it, with the expanding global market and opening of markets, it would be a great time to reach even more countries. Blizzard Entertainment is currently working with Legendary Pictures, the studio behind the feature films such as Watchmen, The Dark Knight, Batman Begins, Superman Returns, and 300, in making of a live-action Warcraft movie. Threats Blizzard Entertainment faces serious competition from other companies that have some game genres that other gamers find more fun, example FPS. On top of that though Warcraft 3 has great cinematics, its in game graphics cant be compared. So many other games out there with much better graphics. EA games has Tiberiam Wars with much better graphics but of the same RTS genre , how about Relic Gamings Company of Heros. The Time it takes for Blizzard Entertainment to release its games is a great internal threat, for it may lose many loyal customers that got sick of waiting for the usually delayed games. Customers hate to wait unnecessarily and may buy other games instead. Blizzard Entertainment move into diversifying its market by moving into the movie industry which it has little experience, and requires a lot of funding. By going into other Game Genres its not familiar with also can be a risky move that might spell disaster by spreading itself too thin. Piracy is without a doubt one of the greatest threats to Blizzard Entertainment, infact to any industry that relies on the IP law. File Sharing is now everywhere and very easily accessible, one can even get the game without going out of his home and without spending a single cent for the game. Piracy costs Blizzard Entertainment millions of dollars every year. Why would people pay if they can get it free? Along with Piracy is 3rd party clients that make it possible for the games to be played online for free without the need for a original cd-key. In the past without these programs playing online with a pirated game would be impossible, and that would be one of the reasons why original games where still popular for the fact it had a cd-key that allows it to be played online. With these programs it bypasses all these security measures and there is no longer the need to pay for the game. V. Final SWOT Evaluation It is clear enough from this evaluation that Blizzard Entertainment has a very successful business model, but at the same time has so much more that it could improve on and diversify into. The very rich storyline of Warcraft has so much potential from movies to books to comics to Television series. The move that Blizzard Entertainment decided to make by working on a Warcraft movie was a good market decision to capture the growing movie industry and movie fans. Its lack in experience in the industry is offset by doing the movie with a more experienced movie company Legendary Pictures, the studio behind the feature films such as Watchmen, The Dark Knight, Batman Begins, Superman Returns, and 300, with a proven track record. But it should be warned that yes Blizzard Entertainment can go into other industries, but it must not neglect its main market share the gamers, and some hardcore fans might be turned off by the change Blizzard Entertainment. The Strengths are many and can be further worked upon by looking at the same game with different angles. Continuing to make games based on the gamers demand would be the best bet, for that means their games will always be in demand. The threats and weaknesses are numerous as well, however with the right well thought strategies they can be avoided and countered to keep Blizzard Entertainment ahead in the gaming world. However the greatest threat is Piracy and 3rd party clients, which in the case the saying if you cant beat them , join em doing business with the 3rd party clients might help Blizzard Entertainment gain back its lost profits from the programs and piracy. VI. Conclusion Blizzard Entertainment is a great game developer, and to continue in a increasing volatile market it has to keep changing to meet the demands of the new world. But if it continues to deliver its mission statement Dedicated to creating the most epic entertainment experiencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.ever following its 8 core values. I dont doubt and not for a second that Blizzard Entertainment will continue deliver gaming experiences that redefine gaming.

Ethical Behavior of Dan Amos of American Family Life Insurance Company (AFLAC) Essay

American Family Life Insurance Company (AFLAC), a Fortune 500 company, and their Chief Executive Officer (CEO),Dan Amos, were recently recognized by Ethiosphere Magazine as the World’s Most Ethical Company for the fourth consecutive year (Aflac Named Most Ethical Company for Fourth Consecutive Year, March 2013). This award is given to companies who demonstrate a commitment to ethical leadership, corporate social responsibility, and compliant practices. More information about the methodology and selection criteria and the complete list of the 2013 World’s Most Ethical Companies can be viewed at http://ethisphere.com/wme. â€Å"The research-based Ethisphere ® Institute is a leading international think-tank dedicated to the creation, advancement and sharing of best practices in business ethics, corporate social responsibility, anti-corruption, and sustainability. Ethisphere Magazine, which publishes the globally recognized World’s Most Ethical Companies Ranking, is the quarterly publication of the Institute† (Aflac Named Most Ethical Company for Fourth Consecutive Year, March 2013). AFLAC has won this award seven times. Dan Amos began his career at AFLAC in 1973 as a sales representative. He was promoted to President in 1987, Chief Operating Officer (COO) in 1990, and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairman of the Board in 2001 ( Reference for Business, Encyclopedia of Business,2nd edition, n.d.). During the first four years as the CEO of Aflac, revenue grew from $2.7 billion to $9.6 billion. Amos was responsible for the advertising campaign that featured the Aflac Duck. By 2004, polls reported that AFLAC and its mascot Duck was recognized by 96 percent of all Americans. Aflac’s revenue has increased over the years and now is reported to exceed $25.4 billion (AFLAC at a Glance, 2013). This quote from Amos is very indicative of his philosophy,†Give your employees everything they need to succeed, and they will give everything they can to help the business succeed† (AFLAC Named Most Ethical Company for Fourth Consecutive Year, March 2013). Ethical conduct according to Baack 2012 is the observable words and deeds designed to seek the goal of integrity in everyday business. Dan Amos has invested donations to fund cancer research and developed Georgia’s AFLAC Cancer Center at Atlanta’s  Egleston Children’s Hospital. To date AFLAC has raised over $79 million in donations to children’s cancer. Every executive within AFLAC must sign and abide by the Code of Ethics for Chief Executive and Senior Financial Officers. Here is the overview for this document. Everyone is required to comply with all of the laws, rules, and regulations that govern the conduct of our business. Senior Officers have additional leadership responsibilities, which include creating a culture of high ethical standards and commitment to compliance, maintaining a work environment that encourages employees to raise issues and promptly addressing employee compliance concerns (Code of Conduct, August 2013). All Senior Officers must report any suspected violation of this Code for Senior Officers. Any violations of this Code for Senior Officers may be subject to disciplinary action, up to and including termination. This code of conduct is repeated throughout this entire organization at every level. Their reputation is considered one of their most valuable assets. They protect their reputation as closely as they protect the physical assets of the company. This year marks the 23rd year that Dan Amos has been the CEO of AFLAC. During his tenure, there have never been any corporate scandals or any convictions of business wrong doings. Dan Amos and AFLAC have grown this business on the premise that ethics will equal profits. Aflac’s success is based on honest dealings with customers, a fair product for a fair price , treating employees with respect, and paying a fair wage. References AFLAC At a Glance,(August 2013) Retrieved from http://www.aflac.com/aboutaflac/corporateoverview/ AFLAC Code of Conduct,(August 2013),Retrieved from http://www.aflac.com/investors/corporategovernance/cgconduct.aspx#6 Aflac Named Most Ethical Company for Fourth Consecutive Year, (March 2013). Retrieved from http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aflac-makes-ethispheres-annual Baack, Donald (2012). Management Communication. Chapter 8, San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Educational Inc. Reference for Business, Encyclopedia of Business,2nd edition,(n.d.), Retrieved from Http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/biography/A-E/Amos-Dan-1951.html

Concept of examination malpractice Essay

Examination malpractice has been defined variously by many authors; some ten (10) definitions/views are presented here: (i) Chukwuemeka (1982) referred to examination malpractice as violation of examination rules and regulations by candidates. (ii) Aliyu (1996) looked at examination malpractice as any irregular behaviour related to the examination exhibited by candidates or any body charged with the conduct of examination in or outside the examination hall before, during and after the examination. (iii) Argungu (1997) defined examination malpractice as any irregularity which is premeditated and perpetrated by candidates or their agents with the intention of gaining undue advantage over others in an examination. (iv) Jega (2006) saw examination malpractice as any form of misbehaviour that leads to the alteration of or a tempering with the prescribed ways of conducting examination in any given system. (v) Examination Malpractice is a punishable offence which is committed during the process of normal and recognized examination (Saye, 2003 in Jega 2006). (vi) Olagungu; (1994) in Jega (2006), defined examination malpractice as the absence of the adherence to the rules and regulations guiding the conduct of examination. (vii) Any wrong doing, misconduct, dishonesty or improper practice for personal gains, or violation of set rules of conduct during examinations. (Jegede, 1996 in Jega, 2006). (viii) Any act of omission or commission which compromises the validity, reliability and integrity of any assessment or evaluation system (i.e. the violation of, or disregard for examination ethics (Obo, 2008). (ix) Obot (1997) defined examination malpractice as wrong (illegal/immoral) doing in terms of acts of commission or omission during the construction, custodianship, administration, marking and release of results of examination before, during or after such examinations. (x) Joshua (2008) synthesized many definitions of examination malpractice by defining the concept as any unauthorized or unapproved action, inaction, activity, behaviour or practice that is associated with the preparation, conduct and processing of examination and other forms of assessment, and carried out by any person  involved in preparing for, giving, taking and processing that examination at any level (p. I). From these various definitions presented, and many other ones in the literature, examination malpractice is noted as fraud within the school system, and does occur at all levels of education, right from nursery/primary, through secondary to tertiary levels of education in Nigeria. Infact, examination malpractice is a peculiar ‘corrupt practice’ within the educational system. This practice is thriving strongly in our system, irrespective of religious affiliations of the various stakeholders in the school system, thus making it a real â€Å"monster†. This concept is a real monster because the culture of hard work, academic excellence, honesty, decency are fast eroding the present generation of youths in different institutions of learning. This Monster, Examination Malpractice, tends to weaken the validity of any examination, and to make examination results worthless and unreliable. Actually Examination Malpractice produces â€Å"error scores† in examinations, where students earn marks/scores above/below their abilities, and the long terms effect is wrong placement in schools and employment of unskilled workers into various sectors of the economy. USE OF THEORY OF MEASUREMENT ERROR TO EXPLAIN THE MENACE OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE The harm perpetuated by EM can be properly understood using a popular Educational Measurement Equation, which is: X = T + E Where X = observed score (one given by examiner to any student in a given examination as representing the student’s ability) T = True score (one representing the actual or true ability of the student devoid of all mistakes/errors). E = Error score (one representing the errors/mistakes purposely or inadvertently introduced into the measurement process to either inflate or deplete the students’ score in a given examination) It is to be noted that the undeserved or strange score brought about by examination malpractice is embedded in error score (E). A cursory look at the equation shows that: i) The difference between X and T is the Error Score (E); ii) It is our noble desire that as much as possible, X is close to, if not equal to, T; iii) The smaller the value of E, the closer is X to  T (in fact, if E is zero, X = T). Conversely, the bigger the value of E (courtesy of EM), the farther is X from T. iv) If E is very large, T diminishes, and X approaches E. This implies that the higher the value of error score occasioned by examination malpractice, the more the school and public examination scores deviate or diminish from true abilities of those who make or own those scores. Those scores essentially but embarrassingly represent/reflect errors and intangibles, and everything else apart from the actual/true abilities of their owners. Little wonder then that some owners of high scores in our school/public examinations can hardly perform or exhibit behaviours that are consistent with the high scores; and how some school graduates can hardly perform to the expectation of the society/employers. That is the harm by EM. Implications of Examination Malpractices on Nigerian Youths This unfortunate development in our educational system represents a high sophistication to which examination malpractices had risen in recent times. Sadly too, some parents have been found to encourage the perpetuation of this ugly act by their children/wards either directly or indirectly. Not only has this contributed to the diminishing standard of our education, but it has also helped to cast aspersion on individual candidates’ certificates, which many often claimed, have not always been a true reflection of their academic standing. Due to this weak background, it is not surprising therefore that many candidates who secured admission into higher institutions with such results have been much of a disappointment. They simply could not leave up to their billings in all ramifications. Attendant frustration often result in sundry other malpractices in examinations to such an extent that they are sooner or later certified as academically unfit and marked for withdrawal on academic ground. Desperate ones among them would want to do all things possible to hang on. This often take them to all kinds of anti-social vices, prominent among which is cultism. The individual, which is the bedrock of the society, is by this token, being malformed and deformed for the future. There is no doubt therefore, that all kinds of examination malpractices stand condemnable by all the stakeholders in the education sector. This is for the simple fact that to compromise academic standards is one sure way to mortgage, if not the  present, certainly the future of a people. Our today, and whatever it stands for, represents the foundations of our tomorrow. Prevalence of examination malpractices, especially the mercenary syndrome, indicates the weak foundations upon which we are to build our tomorrow therefore. Yet, our credible and lasting tomorrow is already being endangered with this ever-increasing wave of academic frauds and immoral dispositions (Issa, 2003). Although many of such students end up with brilliant results, especially at external examinations, they often find it difficult to live up to those results after securing admission into institutions of higher learning. Their apparent inability to cope well in their studies, quite often, leads to frustration thereby encouraging their environment into cultism and other related social vices. The bulk of them end up badly in their academic pursuits while the remaining few who would have crookedly sailed through to the end become social misfits. For one, they are hardly good at their jobs even as the anti-social tendencies remain with them throughout life. Yet, human resources have been considered the most vital of all resources needed for both individual and societal developments. Incidentally, the education system represents the most veritable instrument with which human resources could be created and developed. It therefore goes without saying that the individual and society’s success in ensuring the laying of a good foundation for our tomorrow lies in our ability to rise above the challenges posed by this trend in examination malpractices and cultism. The Way Forward Hope is not lost yet once we are alive to the rescue mission. With respect to cultism, one cannot but agree with Odili (2004) on his 7-point agenda for a way forward, which are: 1 Moral Upbringing of Children. 2 Public Enlightenment Advocacy by the Media. 3 Re-orientation in our Tertiary Institutions and Better Funding. 4 Integrity Watch for Business, Community and Political Leaders. 5 Anti-cult Law 6 Law Enforcement 7 Job Creation and Good Governance Beyond enforcing the relevant laws on campuses, the government should step out to improved the university environment, which tends to be a fertile ground for breeding cultists. Given the uncongenial condition of the universities, bereft of teaching and learning materials, teachers’ incessant strikes, examination malpractices and school shut downs, students have found cult activities quite appealing. Their utmost goals of vain glory and supremacy are cheaply attainable through enlistment in cults. If universities are meant to impart knowledge and mould character, while their degrees and diplomas are awarded only to people found worthy in leaning and character, then any student identified as a cultist, murderer, or robber should be punished accordingly. They must not be allowed to remain hit-squads and agent of destruction of lives and property. Only the full weight of the law can warn them that cultism is evil, and pays no dividends. As for the case of examination malpractices, there would be the need to change our orientation and value system, which seemed to emphasize the erroneous at all cost and by all means belief, which are not only negative but also counter-productive. It is high time we begin to have a sound realization of the fact that it is not only by having a degree that one can succeed or excel in life. It is much more beyond that, because there are still a score of people who, in spite of not having a degree, actually succeeded and excelled in their chosen careers. The point must also be made that it is far better to be a self-reliant, successful artisan than an unemployed, jobless and street-roaming degree holder. If we succeed in this orientation bid, hopes are that majority of those that would remain will be those who interested in pursuing serious active studies would match the requirement and demands of a standard educational system. Finally, students must be made to understand and appreciate hard work, dedication and commitment to studies. This is where the teachers and the entire school authority need to be highly responsible and responsive. Students must be treated and dealt so as to encourage others to even better performance thereby looking up to them as source of inspirations. At that point in time, when the majority would have come to appreciate hard work, examination malpractices in general, the mercenary syndrome as well as cultism, would have been relegated to the status of an abnormality, as against the prestigious status they currently enjoy. REFERENCES Aje S.A. (2001) Problems of Cultism in Nigerian School, Ilorin. Afri – Focus Investment Daily Champion, Nigeria (2004) â€Å"Alarming Rise in Cultism†. An Editorial Opinion in Daily Champion, Nigeria. August 30th (Available at: http://championnewspapers.com/) Edeki, E. (2004) â€Å"Personal View: Curbing Cultism in our Educational System†. Vanguard on line Edition January 05. (Available at: http:www.Vanguardonline.com/) Fafunwa A.B. (1974) History of Education in Nigeria London: George Allen. P. 20. The Guardian Newspaper (2005) â€Å"Editorial on the Upsurge in Cultist Activities† March 16 (Available at: http://www/.guardiansnewspapernigeria.com/) Issa, A.O. (2003) ‘Examination Mercenary Syndrome and the Future of Nigerian Educational System’. A Speech Delivered at the First Book Fair â€Å"FEDPOFFA 2003†. Organized by FEDPOFFA Consult (1981) Federal Ministry of Education: Lagos. Rev.ed. P.45.

Analysis of Exact! Stores Essays

Analysis of Exact! Stores Essays Analysis of Exact! Stores Essay Analysis of Exact! Stores Essay Introduction This case analyses the market strategy behind the introduction of Exact! Universal Apparel. In the past, the Foschini Group owned a chain store called Pages. Pages had been a successful chain in the past, but it targeted a different market to the target market identified by Exact!. Pages target market was focused on the LSM 2 – 4 market. , whereas Exact! Target market focused on LSM 4 – 8. In this assignment, I have identified the problems and challenges facing Exact! the various marketing strategies that can be identified in analyzing the case as well as proposed solutions in order to grow the company from strength to strength. 2Identification of the problems I have identified several problems / challenges facing Exact! : Customers are spending disposable income elsewhere. It is mentioned in the case that consumers are spending more money in casinos, lottery tickets and cell phones. The granting of credit is also going to become increasingly difficult with all Retail outlets and in this particular case, with Exact! In addition, the petrol price is at an all time high in South Africa. Inflation is reaching double digits and customers can no longer afford to service their debts. Food and other essentials are far more important in terms of priorities consequently, consumers will not be able to afford to pay back their debts. Another issue that I believe could lead to bigger issues is the fact that the Foschini Group outsource a large proportion of the expertise required by Exact!. Often these expertise is outsourced to a company that is based abroad which leads to additional problems. The biggest risk that I believe Exact! is facing is the fact that they are copying the Gap Model used in the United States of America. Whilst it may work for a period of time, it is important to note that what is successful in what country / place is not necessarily successful in another. The Gap Chain store has been around for many years whereas Exact! is not as well established and has targeted a totally different market to the Gap Chain store in the United States of America. 3Analysis of the marketing strategy 3. 1STP 3. 1. 1Segmentation Exact! targeted several market segments with a different offering for each, this is commonly recognized as a differentiated segmentation strategy. The reason firms choose this segmentation is because it helps them obtain a bigger share of the market and increases the market for their products overall (Grewal and Levy, 2008). Exact! identified the â€Å"Gap† model because this particular clothing store based in America has a focused product range that appeals to almost the whole population. Exact! did not want to take away the market that Foschini and Markhams appealed to. Therefore, from a financial perspective it made sense to target a broad range of consumers with a small product range. 3. 1. 2Targeting Exact! targeted its segmentation on LSM’s 4 – 8. They are men, women and children from all ethnic groups. The people in this target group are price conscious and looking for value for money. They include young, modern, aspiring individuals who are fashion conscious who want to be recognised for their taste in clothing. 3. 1. 3Positioning Markhams and Foschini focus on a tight consumer group, but offer a complete wardrobe for that lifestyle. The Foschini Group positioned Exact! as a brand that provides more than just â€Å"functional relevance†. The Group wanted the brand to be more aspirational, more accessible and cheaper than expected. This led to the positioning of Exact! as â€Å"Accessible, affordable and aspirational†. Exact! also wanted to create a smart / casual product offering by the worldwide trend of casulalisation in the work place. The challenge is to ensure that casual or basic wear was given an identity and not seen as boring. 3. 23 C’s 3. 2. 1Customer In the past, Pages had targeted LSM’s 2 – 4. Exact! targeted a much broader target market, that is LSM’s 4 – 8. Accordingly, this broader target market, resulted in items that may be perceived as inexpensive but great quality to LSM 8. It also enabled the LSM 4 Exact! arget market to be exposed to excellent value items, which are more expensive . In order to curb the pricing issue, Exact! offered credit to their customers. This resulted in the building of an effective database that was targeted by various marketing activities and special offers. 3. 2. 2Competition Competition in the retail sector in South Africa is rife. Exact! therefore targeted a very broad target profile. The company adopted The Best Total Cost competitive strategy for the company. This proposition would differentiate it from other retailers. The strategy encompassed a variety of aspects:- Tight control; Process driven mindsets; and Simplicity, cost cutting The offering of credit also added to their competitive advantage. Customers were able to obtain credit without any extra cost to them. At the time of Exact! ’s entry to the market, retailers and competition such as Mr Price were not offering credit which meant they had a competitive advantage compared to other retailers. 3. 2. 3Company The Foschini Group includes the following retailers:- Exact! , Foschini, Markham, American Swiss, Sterns, Totalsports, Sport Scene, Fashion Express, Donna-Claire, RJL, @Home and Due South.

Neanderthal Burials at Shanidar Cave

Neanderthal Burials at Shanidar Cave The site of Shanidar Cave is located adjacent to the modern village of Zawi Chemi Shanidar in northern Kurdish Iraq, on the Zab River in the Zagros Mountains, one of the major tributaries of the Tigris River. Between 1953 and 1960, the skeletal remains of nine Neanderthals were recovered from the cave, making it one of the most important Neanderthal sites in western Asia at the time. Shanidar Cave Chronology Shanidar cave itself measures about 13,000 square feet (1,200 square meters) in area, or 75x75 ft (53x53 m) square. The mouth of the cave today measures about 82 ft (25 m) wide and about 26 ft (8 m) tall. The site deposits are about 46 ft (14 m) thick, which excavator Ralph Solecki divided into four major cultural layers, each separated by what Soleckis team recognized as discrete discontinuities. Layer A: Neolithic to ModernLayer B: Mesolithic to Pre-Pottery NeolithicLayer C: Upper Paleolithic or BaradostianLayer D: Middle Paleolithic or Mousterian Neanderthal Burials at Shanidar The lowest, oldest, and most substantial levels at Shanidar are the Mousterian levels, which represent a period of time when Neanderthals lived there about 50,000 years ago. Within these deposits were discovered nine human interments, at least some of which were deliberate burials. All nine of the burials at Shanidar were found beneath a cave rockfall, but the excavators were absolutely certain that at least some of the burials were purposeful. During the 1960s, that was a shocking statement to make, because Neanderthals were not considered humans, certainly not thought to be capable of caring for their dead. Considerably more evidence for Middle Paleolithic burials has since been recovered in other caves sites- at Qafzeh, Amud, and Kebara (all in Israel), Saint-Cesaire (France), and Dederiyeh (Syria) caves. Shanidar Burials Some of the skeletons from Shanidar exhibit evidence for interpersonal violence among Pleistocene hunters and gatherers, a level of violence also attested at El Sidrà ³n in Spain. Shanidar 3, a well-preserved adult male skeleton, had a partially healed injury to a rib. This injury is believed to have been caused by sharp force trauma from a stone point or blade. This is one of only a few known examples of Neanderthal traumatic injury from a stone tool- others include St. Cesaire in France and Skhul Cave in Israel. Experimental archaeology investigations by American archaeologist Steven Churchill and colleagues suggest that this injury resulted from being shot by a long-range projectile weapon. The skeleton known as Shanidar 1 was an older adult male, who survived a crushing fracture to his left eye socket, and the loss of his right forearm and hand. Archaeologists Erik Trinkaus and Sebastien Villotte believe this individual was also deaf, based on the presence of bony growths in his ears. Not only do these skeletons exhibit interpersonal evidence, they also indicate that Neanderthals cared for individuals who had been handicapped. Dietary Evidence Shanidar was the focus of early floral analytical studies, which presented what became a controversial interpretation. Soil samples taken from sediments near the burials contained an abundance of pollen from several kinds of flowers, including the modern herbal remedy ephedra. The pollen abundance was interpreted by Solecki and fellow researcher Arlette Leroi-Gourhan as evidence that flowers were buried with the bodies. However, there is some  debate about the source of the pollen, with some evidence that the plant remains may have been brought into the site by burrowing rodents, rather than placed there as flowers by grieving relatives. Recent studies by palynologists  Marta Fiacconi and Chris Hunt  also suggest that the pollen found in the cave is not dissimilar to pollen found outside of the cave. Microscopic studies of the calculus deposits- also known as tartar- on teeth from the Neanderthals at Shanidar found plant remains of several starchy foods that made up the inhabitants diet. Those plants included grass seeds, dates, tubers, and legumes. Some evidence suggests that at least some of the consumed plants had been cooked, and preserved starch grains from wild barley were also found on the faces of some of the Mousterian tools in the cave as well. Archaeology History The original excavations were conducted in the cave during the 1950s directed by American archaeologist Ralph S. Solecki. Later investigations of the site and on the artifacts and soil samples recovered from the site have been conducted by Trinkaus among others. Locally, Shanidar was until recently inhabited by Kurdish shepherds, but now it is managed by the local antiquities service and has become a popular Kurdish tourist destination. Sources Churchill, Steven E., et al. Shanidar 3 Neandertal Rib Puncture Wound and Paleolithic Weaponry. Journal of Human Evolution 57.2 (2009): 163-78. Print.Cowgill, Libby W., Erik Trinkaus, and Melinda A. Zeder. Shanidar 10: A Middle Paleolithic Immature Distal Lower Limb from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan. Journal of Human Evolution 53.2 (2007): 213-23. Print.Fiacconi, Marta, and Chris O. Hunt. Pollen Taphonomy at Shanidar Cave (Kurdish Iraq): An Initial Evaluation. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 223 (2015): 87-93. Print.Henry, Amanda G., Alison S. Brooks, and Dolores R. Piperno. Microfossils in Calculus Demonstrate Consumption of Plants and Cooked Foods in Neanderthal Diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108.2 (2011): 486-91. Print.Nadel, Dani, et al. Earliest Floral Grave Lining from 13,700–11,700-Y-Old Natufian Burials at Raqefet Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.29 (2013): 11774-78. Print. Trinkaus, Erik, and Sà ©bastien Villotte. External Auditory Exostoses and Hearing Loss in the Shanidar 1 Neandertal. PLoS One 12.10 (2017): e0186684. Print.

Drinking Age in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drinking Age in the United States - Essay Example Young adults seem to be bigger binge drinkers that those who are of age to legally drink. It seems to me that in our generation, partying is more and more acceptable which causes people to forget about their responsibilities. The U.S. Surgeon General’s office has reported that lowering the drinking age would cause more â€Å"death from injuries, will play a significant role in risky sexual behavior, and is associated with academic failure and illicit drug use† (Wallace, para. 3). Underage drinking is very common in today’s society. According to the article The Over/Under, the average teen starts experimenting with alcohol use as early as age 13. And that the statistic is that â€Å"nearly one out of every five teenagers has â€Å"blackout† spells in which he or she could not remember what happened the previous evening because of heavy binge drinking† (Wallace, para. 7). Many colleges today are pushing laws to lower the drinking age to 18 because they believe it will decrease binge drinking. However â€Å"the National Survey on Drug Use and Health finds that 36% of 18-20-year-olds reported one or more days of heavy drinking in the past month† (Barnett, 2008). However, over 130 college presidents and chancellors announced that they were fed up with the alcohol abuse taking place on the campus atmosphere. They want to lower the drinking age because they know 18-20-year-olds drink anyways and have to try to do it secretly. They believe if the drinking age was changed to 18, they would be able to monitor the drinking and make moderate drinking the norm (Binge Culture, 2008). The argument against this proposal is that having the age be 21, the fatality rates are lower than they would be if they were 18. In 1984 when the MLDA was raised to 21,  and about 25,000 lives were saved by reducing the alcohol-related traffic fatalities (Barnett, 2008).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People who are in a favor of lowering the drinking age also argue that if an 18-year-old can fight for there country they should be able to legally drink. Eighteen-year-olds can vote, buy cigarettes, and live on their own, so basically some people believe laws should lower the drinking age because 18 years old is considered to be adult.

Writing a conclusion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing a conclusion - Assignment Example It can help the clients to know about the company’s background and the products. A fascinating website with all the information can give clients a vivid idea about the company. The feedback from the customers is vital as it gives a chance to remove the shortcomings and to improve the existing services. Jill can provide the customers a connection with the company’s staff that is obliged to answer to their queries. Any sort of delay in answering to the queries of the clients can make Jill lose clients, so in order to prevent this from happening she must hire a staff that is available to resolve the problems of the clients. It establishes the credibility and a good reputation in the market. If the business has saturated the market place then it is time to increase the services. As you are offering what others are not so it will help to increase the number of clients (Ashe-Edmunds). Jill must have a thorough knowledge of the needs of the customers. She must diversify her

Indoor Play Area for Children in Highcross Mall in Leicester in the UK Essay

Indoor Play Area for Children in Highcross Mall in Leicester in the UK - Essay Example The creative ideas and innovative designing of play centre are discussed in detail to land on a conclusion that an effectively designed play centre at Highcross Leicester would certainly attract more and more number of parents enclosed by their kids to the shopping mall, the sales graph of which has the chance of ever going up. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4 Problem†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4 Aims and Objectives†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5 Methods†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5 Business Plan†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 6 Time-frame†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 11 Possible constraints†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 12 Outcome/Discussion†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 12 Conclusion†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 16 Introduction: Customised childcare in UK was very poor two decades ago. When compared to other European countries and Western side of the Globe, UK’s child care systems were low in intensity. Mothers of UK found the period between childbirth and schooling too long to sustain especially when they happened to be employees. Lack of state and private initiatives to find out alternative childcare systems were ascribed to their opting part-time employment rather than full-time jobs. However, internal and external influences have paved way for emergence of a series of childcare legislations in the final decade of 20th Century. The years that followed Childcare Act 2006 saw a leap in childcare development. The Brighton and Hove City council has recently published in February 2010 an updated information sheet ‘Running a Crecheâ⠂¬â„¢ in which a clear definition of creches is envisaged. It reads: - facilities which provide occasional care for children under eight and which are provided on particular premises on more than five days a year. They need to be registered where they run for more than two hours a day, even when individual children attend for shorter periods. Some are in permanent premises and care for children while parents are engaged in particular activities, eg, shopping or sport. Others are established on a temporary basis to care for children while their parents are engaged in time-limited activities, eg, a conference or exhibition. Problem: Our aim of designing a play space inside the shopping Mall at Leicester, UK should never be considered as an easing knack for parents in their busy schedules of shopping and other activities so that they can lessen the burden of their childcare activities. Instead, the play area is to be designed in such a way it nourishes creativity among kids. Aim and Ob jectives: The purpose of this report is to investigate and analyse information in connection with formation of a creche in the busiest shopping centre in Leicester. Although a play zone in a shopping Mall in which the ‘play’ serves a subsidiary (Sarah and Valentine, 2009, p.89) and supporting function, our aim in this study is to evolve a method/ design of creche with creative elements so that parents’ responsibility of robust childcare is shouldered. The chief predictors in this endeavour are obtaining valid permission from authorities and ensuring a considerably greater natural environmental design. Methods: The method in gathering information to plan and implement this project included primary and secondary

Art history formal analysis Renoir luncheon of the boating party Essay Example for Free

Art history formal analysis Renoir luncheon of the boating party Essay The subject matter of the painting consists of a group of people assembled on an outside deck that has a wooden railing and a red and white striped canopy. The deck is surrounded by marsh grass and some trees with a river visible beyond them. Upon the river a few boats can be seen, one of them a sailboat. In the immediate foreground there’s a square table with a white tablecloth on which rests several empty wine glasses with apparent red wine residue. A few plates are also visible with fluted glasses upon them, discarded morsels of food and silverware can also be seen. A centerpiece dish of fruit composed of Grapes and pears is flanked by several bottles of  red wine. A few discarded white cloth napkins have been casually cast among the dishes. Seated to the left of center at the table in the foreground is a young woman wearing straw hat with a red flowered hat band. She wears a fine black dress with white lace edging at the neck and cuffs, a dark red scarf draped over neck and down the front of the dress. She wears a black choker around her neck. She’s holding a small brown furred dog close to her face from under its forelegs the dog sits upright upon the table facing her. Behind her to the left standing and leaning with his backside against the wooden railing of the deck, his right arm gripping the railing stands a large man, his face in profile as he looks to the right and slightly back. He wears a dome shaped straw hat with the brim curved upwards its edge trimmed in blue. He has close cropped reddish brown hair and has a full beard and mustache of the same color. He wears a white tank top shirt and white pants. To his right along the railing several feet behind the foreground table stands a woman bent forward, her left arm and right elbow resting upon the railing as she faces the table. She wears a straw hat with a blue hat band the brim curved down. Her dresses is off white and trimmed in red that the neck and cuffs. Facing her with his back to the table sits a man wearing a brown suit and a brown and bowler hat. Behind the woman at the railing at the far left corner of the deck facing forward stands a man wearing a brown jacket with a light blue shirt wearing a cap. Facing him standing with his back to the viewer facing left is a man wearing a black overcoat and a black top hat with a beard. In the right foreground seated facing the table on a wooden chair that is turned backward is a man who looks left toward the railing of the deck, his face in profile. He faces the woman seated opposite him who holds the dog. He is wearing a straw hat with a flat top and black hatband its brim turned up at the back. He has brown hair and a light brown short mustache. He wears a white tank top shirt and dark colored pants. His arms rest forward on the reversed chair back; in his right hand he holds a cigarette. To his right seated at the table is a woman wearing a white brimless hat with a few blue stripes. Her dress is blue with white ruffles trimmed in red at the neck and white cuffs. Her hair is brown a small round earring can be seen hanging from her right ear as she looks up and to the  right. Standing behind her over her left shoulder is a man wearing a cream colored jacket with wispy blue stripes. He wears a white shirt and a black cravat. His hair falls over his forehead and is reddish brown. He has a small mustache and a goatee beard. He is leaning over the woman’s shoulder with his hand resting on the back of her chair, looking down at her. Behind him in the background over his left shoulder is a woman standing facing left, with black gloved hands raised to the sides of her face. She wears an ornate black hat with feathers and a black dress. Standing next to her with his arm around her is a man with a straw hat with a red hat band, wearing a red and white striped shirt. He faces forward looking at her intently. To his right stands another man facing the woman he has his arm around. This man has a full beard and wears a black hat. Behind him seated at the back table is a woman in a flowered straw hat who is drinking from a glass, she looks directly out of the picture plane past the table in the foreground at the viewer. A man seated to her left is barely visible in profile and past the shoulder of the man in the cream colored jacket. The entire scene is brightly lit with ambient light from the open sides of the porch the majority of which were enters from the front left of the picture plane. The white tablecloth on the table in the foreground glows with reflected light and the glasses and bottles on the table twinkle in the light. Part IV – Examination of the Art Objects Medium/Technique/Process Used: The medium used is this painting by Renoir is oil on canvas. The work was painted en plein air (outside) utilizing the alla prima (wet on wet) technique and also the classical layering technique of oil painting employed by the old masters. In these processes the first step would require the preparation of a surface on which to apply the oil paint. A linen canvas would be stretched around a wooden frame and tacked into place. The surface of the canvas would then be protected from the acidic qualities of the oil paint by applying layers of rabbit skin glue and chalk known as a ground. Next a primer of white lead paint or glue mixed with chalk â€Å"gesso† is added to provide a base layer for the painting. A rough outline of the scene would then be sketched onto the canvas as a guide for painting. Next the creation of a palette from which to paint from would require selecting the proper pigments. (Eastlake pg.234) For the portions of this work that were painted en plein air in the alla prima technique in the Impressionist style such as the tableware in the foreground Renoir would have used portable tubes of pigmented paint. Other portions that were executed in his studio employed classical oil painting techniques of layering colors and then glazing which creates a lustrous glow and provides the three dimensional quality of modeling. This technique is evident in the modeling of the forearm and the hand holding the cigarette of the man seated at the table in the right foreground. Colors would then be applied to their proper regions according to the sketch starting with the darkest and ending with the lightest, a mosaic upon which the details and highlights could then be painted. Finally upon completion the painting would be sealed with a varnish to protect its surface. (Sanders pg.11) Part V Examination of the Art Objects Composition (its Form Organization): 1. Identify and describe a specific incidence of composition from the list found below: A. Line: Renoir uses a sharp clean line to define the arm of the man seated at the table in the right foreground. The precise outline of the arm adds to the contrast of color between the arm and the man’s white shirt, the white tablecloth, and chair adding perceived depth to the shape of the arm. In contrast Renoir’s use of line in creating the marsh grasses outside the balcony is loose and diffused, giving the grass a perceived movement and depth. B. Shape: The semi circular shape of the awnings scalloped edge is distorted into curving points giving the illusion that the awning is swaying in the breeze adding a sense of movement to the air that is picked up by the grasses beyond it. C. Space: The open space left of center, framed by the two men in white tank tops allows for an unobstructed view of the landscape beyond providing perspective and contrasts the densely populated right side of the picture adding to the intimacy of the assembled group. This open space also directs the viewer gaze to the centerpiece of the table which is the symbolic heart of this painting. D. Color: Applications red are spread about the painting accenting the amorous qualities of the subjects depicted. Most evident in the women in varying profusion and intensity, the color red highlights the garments at the cuffs and necks, in the flowers they wear on their hats, and on their lips. Although more subtle, accents of red are present on the men as blushes to their face or on their lips. The most overtly amorous male in the right to the back wears a shirt and hat both striped with red. The most overtly sexual female seated, at the table in the left foreground has red tracing her neck and an explosion of red in the flower on her hat. Finally the red striped awning with its tong like flaps covers the entire flirtatious scene. E. Texture: Renoir employs variations in color, shadowing, and white highlights to render the textural appearance of the straw hat worn by the man seated at the table in the right foreground. F. Pattern: The diffused lines of blue/green create a layered pattern in the marsh grasses outside the porch rendering the effect of overlapping leaves with combined density. G. Time and Motion: The motion in this painting is imparted by the marsh grasses and awning gently swaying in the breeze. The aspect of time slowly passing is expressed through the sailboats gliding along the river and in the leisurely poses of the subjects along the railing. 2. At the end of this set of paragraphs identify any art elements you think is not found or used in the art objects composition.